Shakespeare in Plain English
Romeo & Juliet · Tragedy · c. 1595

Romeo and Juliet Act 1 Scene 1

Two Capulet servants swagger through some crude trash talk, then pick a fight with two Montagues over a rude gesture. Within minutes half the city is swinging swords. The Prince shuts it down with a death threat. Then the tone flips completely: we meet Romeo, lovesick and mopey over a girl named Rosaline who isn't interested.

Romeo and Juliet Act 1 Scene 1

Verona. A public place.
The Original
Plain Modern English
Enter Sampson and Gregory, of the house of Capulet, armed with swords and shields.
Sampson
Gregory, o' my word, we'll not carry coals.
Sampson
Gregory, I swear, we're not taking any insults today.
Gregory
No, for then we should be colliers.
Gregory
No — that'd make us coal-haulers. (Lowest job going.)
Sampson
I mean, an we be in choler, we'll draw.
Sampson
What I mean is: if we get angry, we draw our swords.
Gregory
Ay, while you live, draw your neck out o' the collar.
Gregory
Right — and while you're at it, draw your neck out of the hangman's noose.
Sampson
I strike quickly, being moved.
Sampson
I hit fast when I'm provoked.
Gregory
But thou art not quickly moved to strike.
Gregory
But you're slow to get provoked.
Sampson
A dog of the house of Montague moves me.
Sampson
Any mutt from the Montague house provokes me.
Gregory
To move is to stir; and to be valiant is to stand:
therefore, if thou art moved, thou runn'st away.
Gregory
To be 'moved' means to move — and being brave means standing your ground.
So if you're moved, you're running away.
Sampson
A dog of that house shall move me to stand: I will
take the wall of any man or maid of Montague's.
Sampson
A dog of that house will move me to stand my ground. I'll
shove any Montague man or woman off the sidewalk.
Gregory
That shows thee a weak slave; for the weakest goes
to the wall.
Gregory
That proves you're the weak one — the weakest gets pushed
to the wall.
Sampson
True; and therefore women, being the weaker vessels,
are ever thrust to the wall: therefore I will push
Montague's men from the wall, and thrust his maids
to the wall.
Sampson
True — which is why women, being 'weaker,'
always get shoved to the wall. So I'll shove
Montague's men off it, and his women
up against it. (The joke is a threat of sexual violence. Shakespeare opens the play by showing us exactly what this feud is made of.)
Gregory
The quarrel is between our masters and us their men.
Gregory
The fight is between our bosses — and us, their men.
Sampson
'Tis all one, I will show myself a tyrant: when I
have fought with the men, I will be cruel with the
maids, and cut off their heads.
Sampson
Same thing. I'll be a monster about it: once I've
fought the men, I'll be cruel to the
women, and cut off their heads.
Gregory
The heads of the maids?
Gregory
The women's heads?
Sampson
Ay, the heads of the maids, or their maidenheads;
take it in what sense thou wilt.
Sampson
Their heads — or their virginity.
Take it however you like.
Gregory
They must take it in sense that feel it.
Gregory
The ones who feel it will take it however they feel it.
Sampson
Me they shall feel while I am able to stand: and
'tis known I am a pretty piece of flesh.
Sampson
They'll feel me as long as I can stand — and
everyone knows I'm a fine specimen of a man.
Gregory
'Tis well thou art not fish; if thou hadst, thou
hadst been poor John. Draw thy tool! here comes
two of the house of the Montagues.
Gregory
Good thing you're not a fish — you'd be
dried salt cod. Draw your weapon! Here come
two of the Montagues.
Sampson
My naked weapon is out: quarrel, I will back thee.
Sampson
My blade's out. Start the fight — I'll back you up.
Gregory
How! turn thy back and run?
Gregory
What? Turn your back and run, you mean?
Sampson
Fear me not.
Sampson
Don't worry about me.
Gregory
No, marry; I fear thee!
Gregory
Oh, I'm not worried about you. That's the problem.
Sampson
Let us take the law of our sides; let them begin.
Sampson
Let's keep the law on our side — let them start it.
Gregory
I will frown as I pass by, and let them take it as
they list.
Gregory
I'll scowl as I walk past and let them make of it
whatever they want.
Sampson
Nay, as they dare. I will bite my thumb at them;
which is a disgrace to them, if they bear it.
Sampson
No — as much as they dare. I'll bite my thumb at them,
which is an insult they'll have to swallow. (Roughly the Elizabethan middle finger.)
Enter Abraham and Balthasar.
Abraham
Do you bite your thumb at us, sir?
Abraham
Are you biting your thumb at us, sir?
Sampson
I do bite my thumb, sir.
Sampson
I am biting my thumb, sir.
Abraham
Do you bite your thumb at us, sir?
Abraham
Are you biting your thumb AT US, sir?
Sampson
[Aside to Gregory] Is the law of our side, if I say ay?
Sampson
(quietly, to Gregory) Is the law on our side if I say yes?
Gregory
No.
Gregory
No.
Sampson
No, sir, I do not bite my thumb at you, sir, but I
bite my thumb, sir.
Sampson
No, sir, I'm not biting my thumb AT you, sir. I'm just
biting my thumb, sir.
Gregory
Do you quarrel, sir?
Gregory
Are you picking a fight, sir?
Abraham
Quarrel sir! no, sir.
Abraham
A fight, sir? No, sir.
Sampson
If you do, sir, I am for you: I serve as good a man as you.
Sampson
If you are, I'm ready. My boss is as good as yours.
Abraham
No better.
Abraham
No better than ours.
Sampson
Well, sir.
Sampson
Well... sir.
Gregory
Say 'better:' here comes one of my master's kinsmen.
Gregory
Say 'better' — here comes one of the boss's relatives.
Sampson
Yes, better, sir.
Sampson
Yes. Better, sir.
Abraham
You lie.
Abraham
You're a liar.
Sampson
Draw, if you be men. Gregory, remember thy swashing blow.
Sampson
Draw, if you're men! Gregory — remember your big swing.
They fight. Enter Benvolio.
Benvolio
Part, fools!
Put up your swords; you know not what you do.
Benvolio
Break it up, idiots!
Put your swords away — you don't know what you're doing.
Enter Tybalt.
Tybalt
What, art thou drawn among these heartless hinds?
Turn thee, Benvolio, look upon thy death.
Tybalt
What, you've drawn your sword on these gutless servants?
Turn around, Benvolio. Meet your death.
Benvolio
I do but keep the peace: put up thy sword,
Or manage it to part these men with me.
Benvolio
I'm only keeping the peace. Put your sword away,
or use it to help me separate them.
Tybalt
What, drawn, and talk of peace! I hate the word,
As I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee:
Have at thee, coward!
Tybalt
Sword drawn, and you talk about peace? I hate that word
as much as I hate hell, all Montagues, and you.
Come on, coward!
They fight. Enter several of both houses, who join the fray; then enter Citizens with clubs.
First Citizen
Clubs, bills, and partisans! strike! beat them down!
Down with the Capulets! down with the Montagues!
First Citizen
Clubs, axes, spears! Hit them! Beat them down!
Down with the Capulets! Down with the Montagues!
Enter Capulet in his gown, and Lady Capulet.
Capulet
What noise is this? Give me my long sword, ho!
Capulet
What's all this noise? Bring me my longsword!
Lady Capulet
A crutch, a crutch! why call you for a sword?
Lady Capulet
A crutch, more like! What do you want a sword for?
Capulet
My sword, I say! Old Montague is come,
And flourishes his blade in spite of me.
Capulet
My sword, I said! Old Montague is here,
waving his blade around just to spite me.
Enter Montague and Lady Montague.
Montague
Thou villain Capulet,—Hold me not, let me go.
Montague
You villain, Capulet! — Don't hold me back, let me go!
Lady Montague
Thou shalt not stir a foot to seek a foe.
Lady Montague
You're not taking one step toward a fight.
Enter Prince Escalus, with Attendants.
Prince Escalus
Rebellious subjects, enemies to peace,
Profaners of this neighbour-stained steel,—
Will they not hear? What, ho! you men, you beasts,
That quench the fire of your pernicious rage
With purple fountains issuing from your veins,
On pain of torture, from those bloody hands
Throw your mistemper'd weapons to the ground,
And hear the sentence of your moved prince.
Three civil brawls, bred of an airy word,
By thee, old Capulet, and Montague,
Have thrice disturb'd the quiet of our streets,
And made Verona's ancient citizens
Cast by their grave beseeming ornaments,
To wield old partisans, in hands as old,
Canker'd with peace, to part your canker'd hate:
If ever you disturb our streets again,
Your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace.
For this time, all the rest depart away:
You Capulet; shall go along with me:
And, Montague, come you this afternoon,
To know our further pleasure in this case,
To old Free-town, our common judgment-place.
Once more, on pain of death, all men depart.
Prince Escalus
Rebellious subjects! Enemies of peace!
You who disgrace your swords by staining them with your neighbours' blood —
Won't they listen? You men — you animals —
who put out the fire of your poisonous rage
with fountains of blood from your own veins:
on pain of torture, drop those weapons
from your bloody hands right now,
and hear your furious Prince's ruling.
Three street riots now, all started by a careless word,
thanks to you, old Capulet, and you, Montague.
Three times you've shattered the peace of these streets
and forced Verona's elderly citizens
to throw off their dignified robes
and pick up rusty old weapons in withered old hands,
just to pry apart your rotten hatred.
If you ever disturb these streets again,
your lives will be the penalty.
For now, everyone else clear off.
Capulet, you come with me.
Montague, you come this afternoon
to hear my further judgment on this,
at Free-town, the courthouse.
Once more — on pain of death — everybody go home.
Exeunt all but Montague, Lady Montague, and Benvolio.
Montague
Who set this ancient quarrel new abroach?
Speak, nephew, were you by when it began?
Montague
Who kicked off this old feud again?
Tell me, nephew — were you here when it started?
Benvolio
Here were the servants of your adversary,
And yours, close fighting ere I did approach:
I drew to part them: in the instant came
The fiery Tybalt, with his sword prepared,
Which, as he breathed defiance to my ears,
He swung about his head and cut the winds,
Who nothing hurt withal hiss'd him in scorn:
While we were interchanging thrusts and blows,
Came more and more and fought on part and part,
Till the prince came, who parted either part.
Benvolio
Your enemy's servants were here,
already fighting yours before I got close.
I drew my sword to separate them — and right then,
hot-headed Tybalt showed up with his sword out.
While he hurled insults at me,
he swung it over his head and slashed at nothing but air,
which, being unharmed, just hissed at him mockingly.
While we traded blows,
more and more people arrived and joined in on both sides,
until the Prince arrived and split everyone up.
Lady Montague
O, where is Romeo? saw you him to-day?
Right glad I am he was not at this fray.
Lady Montague
Oh — where's Romeo? Have you seen him today?
I'm so relieved he wasn't in this brawl.
Benvolio
Madam, an hour before the worshipp'd sun
Peer'd forth the golden window of the east,
A troubled mind drave me to walk abroad;
Where, underneath the grove of sycamore
That westward rooteth from the city's side,
So early walking did I see your son:
Towards him I made, but he was ware of me
And stole into the covert of the wood:
I, measuring his affections by my own,
That most are busied when they're most alone,
Pursued my humour not pursuing his,
And gladly shunn'd who gladly fled from me.
Benvolio
Madam, an hour before the sun
peeked through the golden window of the east,
a restless mind drove me out for a walk.
And there, under the sycamore grove
that grows west of the city walls,
I saw your son out walking that early.
I headed toward him, but he spotted me
and slipped off into the cover of the trees.
Judging his mood by my own —
being most occupied when most alone —
I followed my mood by not following him,
and happily avoided someone who was happily avoiding me.
Montague
Many a morning hath he there been seen,
With tears augmenting the fresh morning dew.
Adding to clouds more clouds with his deep sighs;
But all so soon as the all-cheering sun
Should in the furthest east begin to draw
The shady curtains from Aurora's bed,
Away from the light steals home my heavy son,
And private in his chamber pens himself,
Shuts up his windows, locks far daylight out
And makes himself an artificial night:
Black and portentous must this humour prove,
Unless good counsel may the cause remove.
Montague
He's been seen out there many a morning,
adding his tears to the fresh morning dew,
piling more clouds onto the sky with his heavy sighs.
But the moment the cheerful sun
begins to pull back
the dark curtains from the dawn's bed,
my gloomy son sneaks home away from the light,
shuts himself alone in his room,
closes the windows, locks the daylight out,
and manufactures his own private night.
This mood is going to turn dark and dangerous
unless someone can find out the cause and fix it.
Benvolio
My noble uncle, do you know the cause?
Benvolio
Uncle — do you know what's causing it?
Montague
I neither know it nor can learn of him.
Montague
I don't know, and I can't get it out of him.
Benvolio
Have you importuned him by any means?
Benvolio
Have you pressed him about it at all?
Montague
Both by myself and many other friends:
But he, his own affections' counsellor,
Is to himself—I will not say how true—
But to himself so secret and so close,
So far from sounding and discovery,
As is the bud bit with an envious worm,
Ere he can spread his sweet leaves to the air,
Or dedicate his beauty to the sun.
Could we but learn from whence his sorrows grow.
We would as willingly give cure as know.
Montague
Both myself and plenty of friends have.
But he keeps his own counsel about his feelings —
how honestly, I won't say —
but he's so secretive, so closed off,
so impossible to read or figure out,
like a flower bud eaten by a jealous worm
before it can open its petals to the air
or show its beauty to the sun.
If we could just learn where his sadness comes from,
we'd cure it as gladly as we'd learn it.
Enter Romeo.
Benvolio
See, where he comes: so please you, step aside;
I'll know his grievance, or be much denied.
Benvolio
Look, here he comes. Please, step aside —
I'll find out what's wrong, or he'll have to work hard to refuse me.
Montague
I would thou wert so happy by thy stay,
To hear true shrift. Come, madam, let's away.
Montague
I hope you're lucky enough, by staying,
to hear an honest confession. Come, madam, let's go.
Exeunt Montague and Lady Montague.
Benvolio
Good-morrow, cousin.
Benvolio
Morning, cousin.
Romeo
Is the day so young?
Romeo
Is it still morning?
Benvolio
But new struck nine.
Benvolio
It just struck nine.
Romeo
Ay me! sad hours seem long.
Was that my father that went hence so fast?
Romeo
Ugh. Sad hours feel so long.
Was that my father leaving in such a hurry?
Benvolio
It was. What sadness lengthens Romeo's hours?
Benvolio
It was. What sadness is stretching out Romeo's hours?
Romeo
Not having that, which, having, makes them short.
Romeo
Not having the thing that would make them fly by.
Benvolio
In love?
Benvolio
In love?
Romeo
Out—
Romeo
Out—
Benvolio
Of love?
Benvolio
Of love?
Romeo
Out of her favour, where I am in love.
Romeo
Out of favour with the girl I'm in love with.
Benvolio
Alas, that love, so gentle in his view,
Should be so tyrannous and rough in proof!
Benvolio
It's sad that love, which looks so gentle,
turns out so cruel and brutal in practice.
Romeo
Alas, that love, whose view is muffled still,
Should, without eyes, see pathways to his will!
Where shall we dine? O me! What fray was here?
Yet tell me not, for I have heard it all.
Here's much to do with hate, but more with love.
Why, then, O brawling love! O loving hate!
O any thing, of nothing first create!
O heavy lightness! serious vanity!
Mis-shapen chaos of well-seeming forms!
Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health!
Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is!
This love feel I, that feel no love in this.
Dost thou not laugh?
Romeo
It's sad that love, who's always blindfolded,
can still find his way to whatever he wants without eyes.
Where should we eat? — Oh no. Was there a fight here?
Don't tell me, I've heard it all before.
This has a lot to do with hate — but more to do with love.
So then: brawling love! Loving hate!
Anything created out of nothing!
Heavy lightness! Serious silliness!
Ugly chaos made of beautiful shapes!
Lead feathers, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health!
Sleep that's wide awake — nothing is what it is!
That's the love I feel — and I feel no love in it.
Aren't you laughing?
Benvolio
No, coz, I rather weep.
Benvolio
No, cousin. I'd rather cry.
Romeo
Good heart, at what?
Romeo
Good heart — about what?
Benvolio
At thy good heart's oppression.
Benvolio
About your good heart being crushed.
Romeo
Why, such is love's transgression.
Griefs of mine own lie heavy in my breast,
Which thou wilt propagate, to have it prest
With more of thine: this love that thou hast shown
Doth add more grief to too much of mine own.
Love is a smoke raised with the fume of sighs;
Being purged, a fire sparkling in lovers' eyes;
Being vex'd a sea nourish'd with lovers' tears:
What is it else? a madness most discreet,
A choking gall and a preserving sweet.
Farewell, my coz.
Romeo
That's exactly what love does to people.
My own griefs already sit heavy in my chest,
and you'll only multiply them by pressing down
with your own. This affection you've shown me
just adds more grief to my already too-much grief.
Love is smoke made from the fumes of sighs.
Cleared away, it's a fire sparkling in lovers' eyes.
Frustrated, it's a sea fed by lovers' tears.
What else is it? The most sensible kind of insanity,
a bitter poison and a sweet cure at once.
Goodbye, cousin.
Benvolio
Soft! I will go along;
An if you leave me so, you do me wrong.
Benvolio
Hold on — I'm coming with you.
If you leave me like this, you're doing me wrong.
Romeo
Tut, I have lost myself; I am not here;
This is not Romeo, he's some other where.
Romeo
Please. I've lost myself. I'm not even here.
This isn't Romeo. He's somewhere else.
Benvolio
Tell me in sadness, who is that you love.
Benvolio
Seriously, tell me — who is it you love?
Romeo
What, shall I groan and tell thee?
Romeo
What, you want me to groan it out?
Benvolio
Groan! why, no.
But sadly tell me who.
Benvolio
Groan? No.
Just tell me seriously who it is.
Romeo
Bid a sick man in sadness make his will:
Ah, word ill urged to one that is so ill!
In sadness, cousin, I do love a woman.
Romeo
That's like telling a dying man to cheerfully write his will —
a cruel thing to ask someone this sick.
Seriously then, cousin: I'm in love with a woman.
Benvolio
I aim'd so near, when I supposed you loved.
Benvolio
I guessed that much when I assumed you were in love.
Romeo
A right good mark-man! And she's fair I love.
Romeo
Great aim! And she's beautiful, the one I love.
Benvolio
A right fair mark, fair coz, is soonest hit.
Benvolio
A big beautiful target is the easiest to hit, cousin.
Romeo
Well, in that hit you miss: she'll not be hit
With Cupid's arrow; she hath Dian's wit;
And, in strong proof of chastity well arm'd,
From love's weak childish bow she lives unharm'd.
She will not stay the siege of loving terms,
Nor bide the encounter of assailing eyes,
Nor ope her lap to saint-seducing gold:
O, she is rich in beauty, only poor,
That when she dies with beauty dies her store.
Romeo
Well, that's where you miss. She can't be hit
by Cupid's arrow. She's as chaste as the goddess Diana.
Armored in her own chastity,
she's untouched by love's feeble little bow.
She won't sit through a siege of romantic words,
won't meet the assault of longing looks,
and won't be bought with gold that could tempt a saint.
She's rich in beauty — poor only in this:
when she dies, all that beauty dies with her.
Benvolio
Then she hath sworn that she will still live chaste?
Benvolio
So she's sworn to stay celibate forever?
Romeo
She hath, and in that sparing makes huge waste,
For beauty starved with her severity
Cuts beauty off from all posterity.
She is too fair, too wise, wisely too fair,
To merit bliss by making me despair:
She hath forsworn to love, and in that vow
Do I live dead that live to tell it now.
Romeo
She has — and by saving herself, she wastes everything.
Beauty starved by her strictness
cuts beauty off from all future generations.
She's too beautiful, too smart, too wisely beautiful,
to earn heaven by driving me to despair.
She's sworn off love — and that vow
leaves me living dead, alive only to tell you about it.
Benvolio
Be ruled by me, forget to think of her.
Benvolio
Take my advice: forget about her.
Romeo
O, teach me how I should forget to think.
Romeo
Oh — teach me how to forget how to think.
Benvolio
By giving liberty unto thine eyes;
Examine other beauties.
Benvolio
By letting your eyes wander.
Look at other beautiful women.
Romeo
'Tis the way
To call hers exquisite, in question more:
These happy masks that kiss fair ladies' brows
Being black put us in mind they hide the fair;
He that is strucken blind cannot forget
The precious treasure of his eyesight lost:
Show me a mistress that is passing fair,
What doth her beauty serve, but as a note
Where I may read who pass'd that passing fair?
Farewell: thou canst not teach me to forget.
Romeo
That's exactly the way
to make me think about how perfect she is even more.
Those lucky masks that kiss beautiful women's faces,
being black, remind us they're hiding beauty.
A man struck blind can never forget
the precious treasure of the sight he's lost.
Show me a woman who's stunningly beautiful —
what will her beauty do except serve as a note
reminding me of someone even more beautiful?
Goodbye. You can't teach me to forget.
Benvolio
I'll pay that doctrine, or else die in debt.
Benvolio
I'll teach you that lesson yet, or die owing you.
Exeunt.